Phenylpiracetam, ≥99%

Chemical Information:

Technical Information:

Background:

Phenylpiracetam is a Nootropic substance that has been studied for a number of effects. These include improving cognition and memory, increasing resistance to cold, treatment of epilepsy, and modulating immune response. Phenylpiracetam is a derivative of piracetam and is more potent than its predecessor.

Modes of Action:

There is very limited information regarding the exact mechanism of action for Phenylpiracetam, although it is believed to act in a very similar way to Piracetam.

Further Scientific Research:

Please note that this is not a complete account of the scientific literature available on this product. For further information, please refer to PubMed.

Clinical Reviews:

Phenylpiracetam was included in a 2010 academic literature review of Nootropic drugs for the treatment of CNS disorders. This review looked at all the available research at the time concerning Nootropics. The abstract states that phenylpiracetam is more effective/potent than its predecessor, Piracetam.[1]

Human studies: 

Human studies looking into the effects of phenylpiracetam are limited at this time.

One study, dated to 2015, showed that its anxiolytic effects decreased after around 4-8 weeks of use. The participants included a group of 70 patients with mild neuroses or  depression combined with cardiovascular disease.[2]

A Russian study was conducted in 2014, over a period of 3 months, on over 1100 middle-aged patients with brain ischemia. These patients also experienced symptoms of asthenic syndrome – irritability and weakness. The authors found a 2 fold decrease in asthenia in all groups after 3 months of treatment.[3]

A study on 75 patients with epilepsy combined phenypiracetam with an antioxidant, mexidol. The researchers found a significant reduction in seizures as well as improvements of cognitive function and quality of life parameters among the patients.[4]

In 2010, Russian scientists conducted a study on 400 patients who had suffered from ischemic stroke. 200 of the patients received 3 courses of phenylpiracetam in the year following stroke. Scores on the Barthel, Lindmark, Scandinavian scales and Merton and Sutton scales showed that neurologic and daily living activities were significantly improved in those patients who received phenylpiracetam.[5]

A 1999 article showed that phenylpiracetam could be extracted from human unrine. This article also stated that phenylpiracetam is effective at increasing human endurance and resistance to cold.[6]

Toxicity cases:

No toxicity cases are currently available for this compound.  

Animal studies:

A 2016 Russian study on both small (rats) and large (dogs) animals found that Phenylpiracetam was effective at reducing the N-V-D stage (prodromal stage) of radiation poisoning.[7]

Another Russian study, from 2015, examined the use of Phenylpiracetam on the function of mitochondria in the neocortex of diabetic rats, as well as any effects on cognitive performance. The authors tested the function of mitochondria in the animals’ neocortex by assessing mitochondrial pore opening and membrane transport potential. The authors concluded that results point to phenylpiracetam possessing mitochondria-protective properties.[8]

A 2015 Russian article on 48 male Windsor rats tested the effects of phenylpiracetam on immune response. Phenylpiracetam was found to be effective at modulating immune response.[9] This seems to be a repeat of a study from 2011.[10]

Another 2011 study on immune response in animals, found that phenylpiracetam modulated overly active lipid peroxiodation after 5 days of intraperitoneal injections.[11]

A 2014 Ukrainian study found that alloxan-treated rats with hyperglycemia responded to phenylpiracetam, which prevented platelet aggregation. The authors suggested that the mechanism for this involved interference with NO Synthase in both platelets and vascular endothelium.[12]

One study found that this compound had beneficial effects on an animal model of psychosis.[13] 

A 2013 study on an animal model of hyperthyroidism found that intraperitoneal injections restored the immune response and emotional states of the animals.[14] 

A Russian study from 1985 found that phenylpiracetam has potent immunosuppression effects in mice.[15]

References:

• [1] Malykh AG, Sadaie MR. (2010). Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders. Drugs, 70(3):287-312.
• [2] Medvedev VE, Frolova VI, Epifanov AV. (2014). [New possibilities of pharmacotherapy in cardiovascular patients with mental disorders] (Article in Russian). Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 114(9):30-7
• [3] Zhilyuk VI, Levykh AE, Mamchur VI. (2014). A study of the mechanisms for antiaggregant activity of pyrrolidone derivatives in rats with chronic hyperglycemia. Bull Exp Biol Med, 156(6):799-802.
• [4] Savenkov AA, Badalian OL, Avakian GN. (2013). [Nootropics and antioxidants in the complex therapy of symptomatic posttraumatic epilepsy] (Article in Russian). Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 113(6):26-34
• [5] Koval'chuk VV, Skoromets AA, Koval'chuk IV, Stoianova EG, Vysotskaia ML, Melikhova EV, Il'iaĭnen EV. (2010). [Efficacy of phenotropil in the rehabilitation of stroke patients]. (Article in Russian). Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 110(12 Pt 2):38-40.
• [6] Kim S, Park JH, Myung SW, Lho DS. (1999). Determination of carphedon in human urine by solid-phase microextraction using capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Analyst, 124(11):1559-62.
• [7] Drachouv IS, Bykov VN, Seleznev AB. (2016). [Administration of Palonosetron and Phenotropil for Prophylaxis of the N-V-D Stage of Acute Radiation Syndrome], (Article in Russian). Radiats Biol Radioecol, 56(1):64-72
• [8] Zhiliuk VI, Mamchur VI, Pavlov SV. (2015). [Role of functional state of neuronal mitochondria of cerebral cortex in mechanisms of nootropic activity of neuroprotectors in rats with alloxan hyperglycemia] (Article in Russian). Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2015;78(2):10-4
• [9] Tyurenkov IN, Samotrueva MA, Tsibizova AA, Yasenyavskaya AL. (2015). [PHENOTROPIL AS MODULATOR OF CYTOKINE LEVEL UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOPATHOLOGY] [Article in Russian]. Eksp Klin Farmakol, 78(12):15-7
• [10] Samotrueva MA, Tyurenkov IN, Teplyi DL, Serezhnikova TK, Khlebtsova EB. (2011). Psychoimmunomodulatory effect of phenotropil in animals with immune stress. Bull Exp Biol Med, 151(1):51-4
• [11] Samotrueva MA, Magomedov MM, Khlebtsova EB, Tiurenkov IN. (2011). [Influence of GABA derivatives on some indices of lipid peroxidation in immunocompetent organs under experimental immunopathology conditions]. (Article in Russian). Eksp Klin Farmakol, 74(8):32-6
• [12] Zhilyuk VI, Levykh AE, Mamchur VI. (2014). A study of the mechanisms for antiaggregant activity of pyrrolidone derivatives in rats with chronic hyperglycemia. Bull Exp Biol Med, 156(6):799-802.
• [13] Akhapkina VI, Akhapkin RV. (2013). [Identification and evaluation of the neuroleptic activity of phenotropil]. [Article in Russian], Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 113(7):42-6
• [14] Tiurenkov IN, Samotrueva MA, Priluchnyĭ SV. (2013). [Psychomodulating activity of phenotropil in experimental hyperthyroidism]. (Article in Russian). Eksp Klin Farmakol, 76(4):18-21
• [15] Ratnikov VI, Ostrovskaia RU, Vazhenina ZP, Skoldinov AP. (1985). [Effect of piracetam derivatives on antibody formation] (Article in Russian). Biull Eksp Biol Med, 100(11):578-81.